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Aqua Safe Systems Reverse Osmosis Filter
To understand "reverse osmosis," it is probably best to start with normal osmosis. According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, osmosis is the "movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a s olution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane." That's a mouthful. To understand what it means, this picture is helpful:
A semipermeable membrane is a membrane that will pass some atoms or molecules but not others. Saran wrap is a membrane, but it is impermeable to almost everything we commonly throw at it. The best common example of a semipermeable membrane would be the lining of your intestines, or a cell wall.
Gore-tex is another common semipermeable membrane. Gore-tex fabric contains an extremely thin plastic film into which billions of small pores have been cut. The pores are big enough to let water vapor through, but small enough to prevent liquid water from passing.
In the figure above, the membrane allows passage of water molecules but not salt molecules. One way to understand osmotic pressure would be to think of the water molecules on both sides of the membrane. They are in constant Brownian motion. On the salty side, some of the pores get plugged with salt atoms, but on the pure-water side that does not happen. Therefore, more water passes from the pure-water side to the salty side, as there are more pores on the pure-water side for the water molecules to pass through. The water on the salty side rises until one of two things occurs:
The salt concentration becomes the same on both sides of the membrane (which isn't going to happen in this case since there is pure water on one side and salty water on the other).
The water pressure rises as the height of the column of salty water rises, until it is equal to the osmotic pressure. At that point, osmosis will stop.
Osmosis, by the way, is why drinking salty water (like ocean water) will kill you. When you put salty water in your stomach, osmotic pressure begins drawing water out of your body to try to dilute the salt in your stomach. Eventually, you dehydrate and die.
In reverse osmosis, the idea is to use the membrane to act like an extremely fine filter to create drinkable water from salty (or otherwise contaminated) water. The salty water is put on one side of the membrane and pressure is applied to stop, and then reverse, the osmotic process. It generally takes a lot of pressure and is fairly slow, but it works.
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What is in Shampoo ?
Best and Worst Rated Shampoos
The main ingredients in shampoo are surfactants, chemicals which help remove the waxy oil secreted by hair follicles. Unfortunately, many of these are irritating or allergenic.
What is in Hand Sanitizers ?
Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) is found in most hand sanitizers. It is a anti-microbial agent that has been recommended as a hand sanitizer since 1888. Alcohol disinfects the skin by disrupting the metabolism of bacterial cells. To be effective, the alcohol content must be over 60%. Other alcohols, like isopropyl alcohol, are also effective, but ethyl alcohol has a lower drying effect on the skin .
Most hand sanitizers are made up of 60-90% alcohol.
When average adult applies alcohol-based hand sanitizer generously to her hands and forearms, the small amount of ethyl alcohol absorbed is equivalent to drinking 1.5 ml of wine with a 10% alcohol content.
But, you might also find:
Glycerin—speeds repair of the skin’s protective barrier
Dimethicone—reduces sanitizer’s greasy feeling
Aloe vera gel—sooths skin
Propylene glycol—has antifungal properties
Triethanolamine—helps maintain the pH of the lotion
Carbomers—thickeners
Avoid antibacterial soap, avoid ones containing Triclosan as it can produce toxic byproducts and help create drug-resistant strains of bacteria in the environment.
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